It's a wrap, a life of joy and genius, the second volume
of Stephen Sondheim's biographical and encyclopedic collection of his lyrics
and recollections,
Look,
I Made a Hat; Collected Lyrics
(1981-2011) with Attendant Comments, Amplifications, Dogmas,
Harangues, Digressions, Anecdotes and Miscellany (Alfred A. Knopf, 2011). My enthusiasm
for the first volume,
Finishing the Hat,
led to
writing about it before I was finished reading it and
then again upon completion more than a year ago.
My initial observation on reading the first volume bears
repeating for the second as well: "As the subtitle hints, it is not only
an erudite, introspective, and sometimes self deprecating account of his own
works with the complete lyrics, both those retained and discarded for the shows
he wrote during the period, it is also a frank discussion of the 'major
players' of his time, most of whom he of course knew or knows, and some of whom
he did not but nonetheless influenced him in some way. I call this book 'a
document' as only a first-hand participant of Sondheim's stature could make his
reminiscences a treasure-trove which will be studied by students of Broadway
for years to come."
The amusing subtitles of the two volumes at first glance
look similar, but there are subtle differences. Both have "Attendant
Comments" and "Anecdotes" in their subtitles, but Finishing The Hat's "Principles,
Heresies, Grudges, Whines" have been replaced by "Dogmas, Harangues,
Digressions," and the all encompassing, "Miscellany" and
"Amplifications" in Look, I
Made a Hat's subtitle. Sondheim is
too precise a thinker to imagine these changes were made only because of his
playful, almost sardonic sense of humor.
This second volume is less about others in his profession (although it
is still that to a degree), than it is about himself, the process of creating,
an attempt to tie everything together, the dominant figure of the NY Stage
coming to grips with the process of aging and looking back at what defines his
work.
This second volume covers his more mature works, 1981 to
the present. It also reviews a wide
range of "miscellaneous" works, ones I've never heard of, some
incomplete or unproduced pieces. The
"big four" here are his well-known Sunday in the Park with George, Into the Woods, Assassins, and Passion.
Sunday in the Park
with George is about the life of George Seurat and, in particular, the two
years he took creating his "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande
Jatte." Of significance to Sondheim
is this musical united him with the author of the book, James Lapine, with whom
he would frequently collaborate afterwards.
The song "Finishing the Hat" is from Sunday and as he uses the title as the general metaphor for both
these volumes, it bears some closer examination. He says it "reflects an emotional experience shared by everybody to some
degree or other, but more keenly and more often by creative artists: trancing
out -- that phenomenon of losing the world while you're writing...."
He continues with
an anecdote. One of his pleasures is
"inventing games" and he was once playfully challenged by his friend,
Phyllis Newman, the actress and singer, wife of Adolph Green, to create "a
game of murder" (a more interesting one than the card game of the same
name that already existed) and once Sondheim started to work on the game, he labored
continually through the night, saying
"I hadn't moved for eleven hours. I
must have, of course, if for nothing else than to go to the bathroom, much less
get a drink or a snack. But I had no memory of it. I had left the planet for
eleven hours, completely absorbed in a world of instructions, gunshots,
diagrams, and clues, calibrating every possibility of the players' movements
and observations. I've never had a better time making a hat. No matter how
trivial the goal may have been, the intensity or the concentration was the same
as that of writing a song, and just as difficult and exhilarating. 'Finishing
the Hat' is an attempt to convey that treasured feeling. ...Relinquishing the
world may be easier in the privacy of a study or during a walk in the woods,
but it can happen in a public place, too.... When the cocoon is self-created,
the surroundings matter not at all. As befits the creative act, 'Finishing the
Hat' is a stream-of-consciousness lyric. There is no complete sentence."
....That, however
you live, / There's a part of you always standing by, / Mapping out the sky, /
Finishing a hat... / Starting on a hat../ Finishing a hat... / Look, I made a
hat.../ Where there never was a hat.
Into the Woods
came right on the heels of Sunday in the
Park with George, Sondheim wanting to collaborate with James Lapine again. It started off as a "quest musical along
the lines of The Wizard of Oz," one of Sondheim's favorites as the songs
help define the characters and convey the story. Into the Woods became a potpourri of famous fairy tale characters
going into the woods, "the
all-purpose symbol of the unconscious, the womb, the past, the dark place where
we face our trials and emerge wiser or destroyed..." Sondheim says of the two main characters, the
baker and his wife, "their concerns
a quotidian, their attitudes prototypically urban: impatient, sarcastic,
bickering, resigned -- prototypical, except that they speak in stilted
fairy-tale language and are surrounded by witches and princesses and eventually
giants. This makes them funny and
actable characters, and their contemporaneity makes them people the audience
can recognize."
Sondheim thought the work would be producible by a wide
range of theatre companies, from schools (as there is an absence of
obscenities) to professional theatres, and the musical works on two levels, one
for just entertainment and the other as a sophisticated adult parable. "I predicted that Into the Woods could
be a modest annuity for us [he and Lapine], and I'm surprised to say I was
right."
I've "feared" seeing Assassins as having lived through so many of them in my lifetime, I
just did not want to have it in my face on the stage, pretty much the same
reason Ann and I don't see violent movies.
But, after reading Sondheim's description of the musical, it's on our
list to see if it should ever be revived. Leave it to Sondheim (and his
collaborator, John Weidman, based on an idea by Charles Gilbert, Jr.) to make a
musical out of nine of the thirteen attempted presidential assassinations.
In describing how he came to Assassins, Sondheim reveals much about the process and writing
lyrics in particular. It also shows his
own level of enthusiasm for this work, not to mention the level of reflection
and prose in Look, I Made a Hat: "Writing lyrics is an exasperating job,
but there are occasional moments which compensate, such as finding the right
word that sits exactly on the right phrase of music or stumbling on the
surprising but appropriate rhyme. It is those moments that propel you (me) to
continue groping through the morass of banalities and not-quite-good-enough
stabs at freshness and grace which constitute the bulk of the writing. And
there is no moment more invigorating than reading the initial pages of your
collaborator's work, especially if your collaborator is first class, the kind
with whom I've been repeatedly blessed (not by chance, I can assure you - I've
approached, and agreed to be approached by, only those whose work I like).
Suddenly, what have been weeks of theoretical palaver, circling the subject,
finding the spine and mapping the trajectory of the story, analyzing the
characters, improvising scenes and songs, discussing style-suddenly, all that -
becomes crystallized in a page or two of dialogue which makes the idea into words,
much in the way a first rehearsal makes the word become flesh. Because of the
quality of my collaborators, I have experienced that moment often, but the most
exhilarating of those highs was the evening I read the first pages of John
Weidman's script for 'Assassins'."
Passion is
another collaboration with James Lapine, although the idea itself was conceived
by Sondheim after he had seen an Ettore Scola film Passione d'Amore which
struck him "as a story worth singing." He was concerned about making
it into a musical as "the characters were so outsized." It might have demanded an opera, not a
musical, and that is an art form that Sondheim (I am happy to learn) does not
enjoy. I say "happy" as I too
have carried around the scarlet letter of "OP" (opera-phobic) even
though I enjoy both music and theatre. Sondheim has exonerated the tinge of
guilt I feel about opera, even though I briefly studied it in
college when I used to go to the Met, sitting at the student's desk which had a
very limited view of the stage in my day where I followed the score of the
opera. Maybe I simply don't go in for pageantry.
Here's Sondheim's take on opera: "I have successfully avoided enjoying opera all my life. There are
many moments in the operatic literature that thrill me, but few complete
scores, and even those that do ...I would rather listen to on records because
they strike me as way too long. I was brought up on the swiftness and
insubstantiality of musicals, and I'm not as enthralled by the human voice as I
would like to be. For me it's the song, not the singer; I don't really care who
sings 'Vissi d'Arte,' I care about what she's singing. I discriminate among
singers of popular songs and show tunes, but for some reason I'm both less
enthusiastic and less critical when it comes to the higher stratum of the art
form. I recognize that this is my loss, and I sometimes envy (but not a lot)
the swooning pleasure my opera-buff friends get from it. The thing that puts me
off most is that most opera composers seem to have little sense of theater.
They spend as much time having their characters sing about trivialities as
about matters of emotional importance, and they too often resort to recitative
to carry the plot along-for my money a tedious and arid solution to a problem
easily solved by dialogue." You
are preaching to the choir, Mr. Sondheim.
Passion is an
epistolary musical, with the songs, as Sondheim puts it, "somewhere between aria and recitative...[and] there's enough
dialogue so that no one could mistake Passion for an opera. I hope."
Then, some one hundred plus pages of the book are
dedicated to the on and off again fourteen year affair of creating a musical
based on the Florida resort architect, Addison Mizner and his raconteur
brother, Wilson Mizner, perfect models of picaresque lives.
Wise
Guys/Bounce/Road Show went through four different incarnations, finally
ending up pretty much as it began as far as the main theme is concerned, the
relationship between two brothers. The
show had "four distinct scripts; three distinct directors; nine leading
actors." Sondheim had written
thirty songs, most of which did not survive all four versions. Among the
directors who impacted the show was, ironically, Sam Mendes in London who was
also the director of the film
Revolutionary
Road, based on the novel by Richard Yates
which I republished when thefirst edition had gone out of print.
But the director who had the most impact was John Doyle,
who put the work on the course of becoming Road
Show, after its previous variations over its ponderous life as Wise Guys and then Bounce. About Doyle,
Sondheim says, "He was enthusiastic
about the story and understood the style, and at the same time saw what the
show was trying to say about America with the objective, yet sympathetic, eye
of a foreigner. He also saw that what the show needed was compression, to give
it the kind of pace that defines the American image: speedy, impatient, determined,
brash and humorous, all of which was expressed in what we had written-except
for the speed, which wasn't speedy enough....Doyle turned out to be an
exception among directors; the script he handed us after his tinkering,
although it had its fair share of misguided and awkward moments, brought the
mix of family dynamics and American penchant for reinvention into one focus,
and that was what we had never properly been able to accomplish. 'Wise
Guys/Bounce/Road Show' was about so many things: American enterprise, American
conniving, American promotion, American greed, the class system, sibling love
and rivalry, road movies- a soup that Doyle (and Oskar) boiled down for us,
which is what a good director, like a good editor, can do."
Then, Sondheim covers his "Other
Musicals," "Movies" and
"Television" (following college he wrote for the TV show, Topper, and Kukla, Fran and Ollie an amusing aside to his career).
In the mix of his lyrics and reminiscences are some of
the "attendant comments." Although
Oscar Hammerstein was his mentor, and Sondheim thinks of himself as a lyricist,
he is also a first rate composer. When
Sondheim graduated from Williams, he won a coveted prize for music which
allowed him to study composition with the composer and music theorist Milton
Babbitt. Sondheim explains why he
focused on lyrics in his two books: "....
the technique of composition is impossible to be precise and articulate about
without using jargon. The inner workings of lyrics can be communicated easily
without resorting to arcane terms; understanding what a perfect rhyme is
requires no special knowledge. But understanding what a perfect cadence is
requires knowing something about harmony and the diatonic scale. Music is a
foreign language which everyone knows but only musicians can speak. The effect
is describable in everyday language; how to achieve it is not."
Sondheim has had a love-hate affair with critics and while
he takes some head on in these volumes, he writes generally about the art of criticism
and the impact of this Internet age:"...It
takes a long time to learn not to pay attention to critics, or at least not to
let them distract you. ....A good critic is someone who recognizes and
acknowledges the artist's intentions and the work's aspirations, and judges the
work by them, not by what his own objectives would have been. A good critic is
so impassioned about his subject that he can persuade you to attend something
you'd never have imagined you'd want to go to. A good critic is an entertaining
read. A good critic is hard to find. Then again, to a certain degree good
critics are no longer necessary to find. The phrase 'Everybody's a critic' has
taken on a universal cast. The Internet encourages people to share their opinions with the world. In the
theater, the 'buzz' created by chat room chatters has become increasingly
important to a show's reputation before it opens, and has actually affected
some of the news-paper and magazine critics, who refer to the chatter in their
opening- night reviews. The irony is that the Internet is in the process of
killing off the critics' jobs."
I think of Broadway as having several fairly distinct
periods. Before Rodgers and Hammerstein,
the American musical was primarily revues with a loose plot to introduce song
or dance, mostly light musical fantasies and comedies without much serious
meaning to simply amuse and entertain. R&H changed all this with the
introduction of the "book" -- a play in which music, dance, and plot
were all integrated. And musicals became
more serious, introducing themes that were largely ignored before. It became
the most emulated form for the Broadway musical since.
But the fermentation of social change in the 60s and 70s
brought a new period to Broadway.
Sondheim was part of that but so was the so called "rock
musical" starting with Hair and Tommy, coming into full bloom with
musicals by Andrew Lloyd Webber, beginning with contemporary rock pieces such
as Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor
Dreamcoat and Jesus Christ Superstar,
morphing into operetta type musicals such as The Phantom of the Opera.
Broadway came full circle with some of those works, operettas having flourished
before Broadway's golden age. Of those
works, Sondheim says, "Rock and
contemporary pop are not part of my DNA; worse, I find them unsatisfying when
applied to the kind of musicals I like to write because of the limited range of
their colors. Perhaps someday (maybe even by the time this book is published)
someone will write a rock score that will have suppleness and variety, but the
ones I've heard seem to me rhythmically and emotionally restricted, earnest to
a fault and, above all, humorless except when they're being 'satirical' (that
is, sarcastic). This lends them a pretension which rivals the British pop
operas that briefly conquered the world during the 1990s."
Sondheim, meanwhile. blazed new trails, the "urban
musical" such as Company, in
addition to pushing musical limits in areas normally reserved for drama, Pacific Overtures, Sweeny Todd, Assassins,
to name but a few. He also sought
vehicles for his love of panache and paying homage to those that made the
Broadway theatre, most clearly celebrated in Follies.
Who will now carry on the tradition of Broadway
innovation? Instead, revivals seem to be sweeping contemporary
theatre (maybe just a deficit of good stuff being written?). They of course have their place. It is the lifeblood of good regional theatre
such as our own Dramaworks in nearby West Palm Beach. Sondheim's thoughts on revivals? ".....I suspect that every writer who
has had the pleasure of seeing his shows revived, whether on Broadway or in a
community theater, has also suffered the chagrin of seeing it distorted almost
beyond recognition-if it were truly unrecognizable, it would be a relief. The
problem is that a great many directors, not just the academics or the amateurs,
reconceive for the sake of reconception, usually in the name of
"relevance" or of "fixing" the show's flaws. They want to
be considered creators so desperately that they think nothing of rewriting the
authors' work. Good directors shine a new light on a piece; the others shine a
light on themselves."
Irreverent or outspoken?
Perhaps. But, if Sondheim isn't
entitled, who is? If you decide to read the book, read the "Epilogue"
closely. It reveals as much about the
man as it does the artist. He says that
one would think writing songs for the theater, after so much experience, would
become easier but "invention" does not. In fact, "...it
gets harder chiefly because you become-or should become-more aware of the
pitfalls, especially the danger of repeating yourself. I find myself using the
same chords and the same tropes over and over, and I fight against it; but when
I lose the battle, I rationalize it as being a matter of style, my style, a
style I've developed over the years, an identity as unchanging as my signature.
And to a certain extent it is-but notas much as I tell
myself it is."
And here is a man who knows he has climbed most of the
mountains of his life, and is looking back, trying to bring it altogether and
make some sense of the inexplicable and iniquitous process of aging.
(Fitzgerald had it right with his short story "The Curious Case of
Benjamin Button," but T.S. Eliot best summarized the process in his poem
"Little Gidding" -- "Having
rehearsed the bitter gifts reserved for age / the end of all our exploring /
Will be to arrive where we started / And know the place for the first
time.")
About this universal truth, Sondheim laments, "The diminution of energy and the fear of
superannuation are unpleasant enough, but you learn to put up with the first
and ignore the second; the loss of memory is worse, and dangerous. The thing
that bothers me the most is not forgetting faces or names, but forgetting
trivia. Having to search my dwindling gray cells for who directed 'The Sound of
Music' upsets me a lot more than not recognizing the stranger who wanders up to
me at a party and turns out to be someone I've known for thirty years and
worked with half a dozen times. What's dangerous is that not remembering makes
you think about remembering, which inevitably draws you into the past. As time
goes on, I watch old movies and listen to old songs more and more; when asked
my place of residence on a customs form, I always want to write 'The Past.' "
As an amateur pianist I have a special appreciation for
the work of Sondheim. He writes
extensively about his lyrics, but his music, to me, is equally brilliant with a
fondness for waltzes like Richard Rodgers had..
Some of his pieces are hard to play (for me) as the music is pared to almost
recitative lyrics, with many notes to a measure. His music is always a challenge but a joy to play
and no doubt he will always be known as one of Broadway's finest.
I have so many favorites, but his short lived 1981
musical Merrily We Roll Along includes
one of his most beautiful, fragile ballads, Not
a Day Goes By and for this entry I include (albeit a somewhat flawed) "home video" of my playing the song. It is a testimony of my great respect for Sondheim's music and
what it has meant to my life. His lyrics best express how I feel....
"Not a day
goes by,
Not a single day
But you're
somewhere a part of my life
And it looks like
you'll stay.